Late Medieval
c. 1200 – 1750 CE
Delhi and Vijayanagara, the Mughals and the Marathas; Sufi and Sant devotion, and the last great temple cities.
244 entries
- Adhyātma RāmāyaṇaThe Adhyātma Rāmāyaṇa is a Sanskrit retelling of the epic embedded in the Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa, w…
- Adhyātmarāmāyaṇaṃ KiḷippāṭṭuThe Adhyātmarāmāyaṇaṃ Kiḷippāṭṭu is Ezhuttacchan's Malayalam version of the Adhyātma Rāmāyaṇa…
- Adil Shahi Sultanate of BijapurThe Adil Shahis ruled Bijapur and the western Deccan for nearly two centuries, and built the…
- Ahom dynastyThe Ahom dynasty was a Tai-descended royal line that ruled the Brahmaputra valley of Assam fr…
- AkharasAkharas are monastic-martial orders of Hindu ascetics, organized into Shaiva, Vaishnava, and…
- AlupasThe Alupas ruled the Tulu-speaking coast of Karnataka for a thousand years as feudatories of…
- Ānanda RāmāyaṇaThe Ānanda Rāmāyaṇa is a late Sanskrit retelling ascribed to Vālmīki, probably of the fifteen…
- Aurangzeb and the MarathasThe Mughal-Maratha wars were a 27-year series of campaigns (1681–1707) fought by Emperor Aura…
- Baghelas of RewaThe Baghelas ruled Baghelkhand from the thirteenth century until 1948, a durable second-rank…
- Baise RajyaThe Baise Rajya were the twenty-two small kingdoms of the Karnali basin that emerged from the…
- Baro-Bhuyan confederacyThe Baro-Bhuyans were confederacies of independent landholders in Assam and Bengal who govern…
- Battles of PanipatThe three Battles of Panipat, fought in 1526, 1556, and 1761 on the same plain north of Delhi…
- Bengal SultanateThe Bengal Sultanate ruled the delta for over two centuries from 1352, an independent and pro…
- Bhakti movementThe Bhakti movement was a devotional current in Hinduism, emerging in Tamil Nadu by the 6th c…
- Bhañja dynastiesThe Bhañjas were a family of dynasties in the interior uplands of Odisha, ruling from the eig…
- Bhāṭīs of JaisalmerThe Bhāṭīs founded Jaisalmer in 1156 on a ridge in the Thar desert and ruled it until 1949, t…
- Bhulua kingdomBhulua was a small kingdom of southeastern Bengal, in the Noakhali country, holding out in th…
- BilaspurBilaspur, also called Kahlur, was a Sutlej valley state whose capital was submerged in the 19…
- BushahrBushahr was the largest of the Himachal hill states, running up the Sutlej to the Tibetan fro…
- Chāhamānas of JālorThe Chāhamānas of Jālor ruled southwestern Rajasthan from the twelfth century until Alauddin…
- Chāhamānas of NaḍḍūlaThe Chāhamānas of Naḍḍūla were a branch of the Śākambharī house that ruled part of Marwar fro…
- Chāhamānas of RanthamboreThe Chāhamānas of Ranthambore were founded by Pṛthvīrāja III's son after the fall of Ajmer, a…
- Chāhamānas of ŚākambharīThe Chāhamānas of Śākambharī were the leading Rajput dynasty of eastern Rajasthan, and their…
- ChambaChamba was a Himalayan kingdom of the Ravi valley from the sixth century to 1948, whose unbro…
- Chandela dynastyThe Chandelas ruled Bundelkhand from the ninth to the fourteenth century and built the temple…
- ChandradwipChandradwip was a deltaic kingdom of southern Bengal whose Bakla rajas were among the Baro-Bh…
- Chaubisi RajyaThe Chaubisi Rajya were the twenty-four principalities of the Gandaki basin in central Nepal,…
- Chaulukya dynasty of GujaratThe Chaulukyas ruled Gujarat from Patan for three centuries from 942 CE, the period in which…
- Chindaka Nāgas of BastarThe Chindaka Nāgas ruled the Bastar country of southern Chhattisgarh from about 1000 to 1324…
- Chola EmpireThe Chola Empire ruled the Tamil country from 848 to 1279, at its height controlling southern…
- Chudasamas of SaurashtraThe Chudasamas ruled Sorath in southern Saurashtra from Junagadh for six centuries, until the…
- Chutia kingdomThe Chutia kingdom held upper Assam around Sadiya from the twelfth century until the Ahoms de…
- Dara ShikohDara Shikoh (1615–1659) was the eldest son of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and heir apparent to…
- DelhiDelhi is the capital of India and one of the longest continuously inhabited urban regions in…
- Dīvālī and Rāma's returnIn North Indian tradition the lamps of Dīvālī mark the night Ayodhyā lit itself for Rāma's re…
- Doti kingdomDoti was a kingdom of far-western Nepal ruled by the Raika kings, one of the successor states…
- Eastern Ganga dynastyThe Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga for nearly a thousand years, and under them the Jagannātha t…
- Gajapati dynastyThe Gajapatis ruled Odisha from 1434 to 1541 and briefly held the eastern seaboard from the G…
- Garhwal kingdomThe Panwar dynasty ruled Garhwal from the ninth century until 1949, a Himalayan kingdom conta…
- Gohil dynastyThe Gohils migrated from Marwar to eastern Saurashtra in the thirteenth century and gave thei…
- Guhilas of MedapāṭaThe Guhilas ruled Medapāṭa — Mewar — from about the seventh century, holding Chittor until Al…
- Gujarat SultanateThe Gujarat Sultanate ruled the western seaboard from 1407 to 1573, founded Ahmedabad, and de…
- GulerGuler was a small Kangra-valley state whose court produced the Guler school of painting and t…
- Guttas of GuttavolalThe Guttas were a feudatory family of the Dharwad country in northern Karnataka, claiming des…
- Hāḍā Chauhans of Bundi and KotaThe Hāḍās were a Chāhamāna branch that ruled the Hadoti country of southeastern Rajasthan fro…
- HampiHampi is the ruined capital of the Vijayanagara Empire on the Tungabhadra River in Karnataka,…
- Hanumān and the invention of bhaktiHanumān's service to Rāma in the Rāmāyaṇa became the model on which North Indian devotion bui…
- Hanumān worship and the Hanumān CālīsāHanumān is among the most widely worshipped deities in India, approached for strength, courag…
- Hikayat Seri RamaThe Hikayat Seri Rama is the Malay prose Rāmāyaṇa, known from manuscripts of the sixteenth an…
- Hoysala dynastyThe Hoysalas ruled southern Karnataka from the eleventh to the fourteenth century and built a…
- Islamic rule in KashmirIslamic rule in Kashmir denotes the political and religious transformation of the Kashmir Val…
- Jadeja dynasty of KutchThe Jadejas ruled Kutch from the twelfth century until 1948, a desert and coastal kingdom who…
- Jaintia kingdomThe Jaintia kingdom held the hills and the adjoining Sylhet plain until 1835, a matrilineal K…
- Jethwa dynastyThe Jethwas ruled the Barda hills and the Porbandar coast of Saurashtra from the medieval per…
- JhulelalJhulelal is the patron deity of the Sindhi community, worshipped by Sindhi Hindus as an incar…
- Kachari kingdomThe Kachari or Dimasa kingdom ruled central and southern Assam from Dimapur and later Maibang…
- Kachwahas of DhūṇḍhāḍThe Kachwahas ruled Dhūṇḍhāḍ from Amber and later Jaipur, were the first Rajput house to ente…
- Kadambas of GoaThe Kadambas of Goa ruled the Konkan coast from the tenth to the fourteenth century, and thei…
- Kākatīya dynastyThe Kākatīyas ruled the Telugu country from Warangal for a century and a half, were governed…
- Kalachuris of RatnapuraThe Kalachuris of Ratnapura were a branch of the Tripurī house that ruled Chhattisgarh from a…
- Kalachuris of TripurīThe Kalachuris of Tripurī ruled the Chedi country of central India for four centuries, reachi…
- Kāmatā kingdomKāmatā was the kingdom that succeeded Kāmarūpa in western Assam and north Bengal from the thi…
- Kangra and the Katoch dynastyThe Katoch rajas of Kangra claimed descent from the ancient Trigarta and, under Sansar Chand…
- Karṇāṭa dynasty of MithilāThe Karṇāṭas ruled Mithilā from Simraungarh for over two centuries from 1097, a dynasty of so…
- Katyūrī dynastyThe Katyūrīs ruled the central Himalayan country of what is now Uttarakhand from about 700 to…
- Keladi NayakasThe Keladi Nayakas ruled the Malnad hills and the Karnataka coast from 1499 to 1763, and thei…
- Khasa Malla kingdomThe Khasa Mallas ruled the Karnali basin and much of the western Himalaya from Sinja between…
- Khatu ShyamKhatu Shyam is a Hindu deity worshipped chiefly in Rajasthan as a form of Barbarika, a Mahabh…
- Khen dynasty of KāmatāThe Khens were the last dynasty of the Kāmatā kingdom, ruling for some sixty years until the…
- Khokhar chiefsThe Khokhars were a Punjab people whose chiefs resisted the Delhi Sultanate for three centuri…
- Kingdom of CochinThe kingdom of Cochin ruled central Kerala from the twelfth century until 1949, and by allyin…
- Koch dynastyThe Koch dynasty ruled western Assam and north Bengal from 1515, reached its height under Nar…
- Koch HajoKoch Hajo was the eastern half of the divided Koch kingdom, lasting a single generation befor…
- KolathunāḍuKolathunāḍu was the north Malabar kingdom that succeeded the Mūṣikas, ruling from Chirakkal,…
- Konark Sun TempleThe Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century Hindu temple dedicated to the sun god Surya at Konark…
- Koṭas of DharaṇikoṭaThe Koṭas ruled Dharaṇikoṭa on the Krishna from the eleventh to the fourteenth century, the s…
- Kṛttivāsī RāmāyaṇaThe Kṛttivāsī Rāmāyaṇa is the Bengali retelling composed by Kṛttibās Ojhā in the fifteenth ce…
- KulluKullu was a kingdom of the upper Beas valley whose rajas ceded sovereignty to the god Raghuna…
- Kumaon kingdomThe Chand dynasty ruled Kumaon from Champawat and later Almora until the Gorkha conquest of 1…
- Kumbh MelaThe Kumbh Mela is a Hindu mass pilgrimage and ritual bathing festival held on a rotating cycl…
- KutlehrKutlehr was one of the smallest of the Punjab hill states, holding a few valleys in the Himac…
- The Lakṣmaṇa-rekhāThe Lakṣmaṇa-rekhā is the protective line Lakṣmaṇa is said to have drawn around the hermitage…
- Lohara dynastyThe Loharas ruled Kashmir from 1003 to 1320, a period of increasing disorder that Kalhaṇa rec…
- Malla dynasty of BishnupurThe Malla kings of Bishnupur ruled the Bankura country of western Bengal for over a thousand…
- Malla dynasty of NepalThe Mallas ruled the Kathmandu valley from the thirteenth century to 1769, and their division…
- Malwa SultanateThe Malwa Sultanate ruled central India from 1392 to 1562, and built at Mandu one of the most…
- MandiMandi was a Himalayan state of the Beas valley founded in 1527, known for its stone temples a…
- ManipurManipur was ruled by the Ningthouja dynasty from the Kangla at Imphal, and its court chronicl…
- Maratha EmpireThe Maratha Empire was a Hindu warrior state that rose in the Deccan under Chhatrapati Shivaj…
- Maryāda-puruṣottamaMaryāda-puruṣottama — the supreme person who keeps within limits — is the epithet by which Rā…
- Meenakshi TempleThe Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, is a major Hindu temple complex dedicated…
- MoirangMoirang was one of the principalities of the Manipur valley before Ningthouja unification, th…
- Mughal-Maratha warsThe Mughal-Maratha wars were a prolonged series of conflicts between the Mughal Empire and th…
- Musunuri NayaksThe Musunuri Nayaks were Kākatīya officers who combined after the fall of Warangal in 1323 to…
- Nāgavaṃśī of ChotanagpurThe Nāgavaṃśīs ruled the Chotanagpur plateau, claiming descent from a serpent ancestor, and s…
- NalagarhNalagarh, also called Hindur, was a small state of the Himachal foothills founded as a branch…
- Narasimhadeva INarasimhadeva I (r.
- Nayaks of GingeeThe Nayaks of Gingee ruled the northern Tamil country from a fortress spanning three hills th…
- Nayaks of MaduraiThe Nayaks of Madurai ruled the southern Tamil country for two centuries from 1529, and under…
- Nayaks of ThanjavurThe Nayaks of Thanjavur ruled the Kaveri delta from 1532 to 1673, a Telugu-speaking dynasty i…
- Nellore CholasThe Nellore Cholas ruled southern Andhra between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, and th…
- Nizam Shahi Sultanate of AhmadnagarThe Nizam Shahis ruled Ahmadnagar from 1490 to 1636, the Deccan sultanate that fought the Mug…
- NurpurNurpur was a Pathania state on the Punjab–Himachal border, renamed for the Mughal empress Nur…
- Oinwar dynastyThe Oinwars ruled Mithilā for two centuries after the fall of the Karṇāṭas, and their court p…
- Pandya dynastyThe Pandya dynasty was an ancient Tamil dynasty centered on Madurai in southern Tamil Nadu, w…
- Paramāra dynasty of MalwaThe Paramāras ruled Malwa from Dhārā for five centuries, and their king Bhoja was the most ce…
- Paramāras of ArbudaThe Paramāras of Arbuda ruled the Mount Abu country from Chandrāvatī, and it was under their…
- Paramāras of VāgaḍaThe Paramāras of Vāgaḍa were a branch of the Malwa house that ruled the hill country between…
- Phra Lak Phra LamPhra Lak Phra Lam is the Lao Rāmāyaṇa, named for Lakṣmaṇa before Rāma, told as a birth-story…
- Pottapi CholasThe Pottapi Cholas were a Telugu Choda branch ruling from Pottapi in the Cuddapah country bet…
- Qutb Shahi Sultanate of GolcondaThe Qutb Shahis ruled Golconda and the Telugu country from 1518 to 1687, founded Hyderabad, a…
- Qutub MinarThe Qutub Minar is a 73-metre brick minaret begun in Delhi in 1192-93 by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, f…
- Rām NavamīRām Navamī is the Hindu festival of Rāma's birth, kept on the ninth day of the bright half of…
- The Rāma pilgrimage circuitThe places of the Rāmāyaṇa form a pilgrimage geography running the length of India — Ayodhyā,…
- RamakienThe Ramakien is the Thai national version of the Rāmāyaṇa, whose fullest text was composed un…
- The Rāmānandī sampradāyaThe Rāmānandīs are the largest order of Vaiṣṇava ascetics in northern India, devoted to Rāma…
- The Rāmāyaṇa in dance and mask-dramaThe Rāmāyaṇa is the central repertoire of classical and folk performance across South and Sou…
- The Rāmāyaṇa in paintingThe Rāmāyaṇa has been illustrated continuously in Indian painting, most magnificently in the…
- RāmcaritmānasThe Rāmcaritmānas is Tulsīdās's retelling of the Rāmāyaṇa in Awadhi, begun at Ayodhyā in 1574…
- RāmlīlāRāmlīlā is the annual public staging of the Rāmāyaṇa across northern India, played over days…
- Rana SangaRana Sanga (Sangram Singh, r.
- Raṅganātha RāmāyaṇaThe Raṅganātha Rāmāyaṇa is the earliest full Telugu retelling of the epic, composed in the dv…
- Rathores of MarwarThe Rathores ruled Marwar from the thirteenth century and founded Jodhpur in 1459, becoming w…
- Rattas of SaundattiThe Rattas ruled the Belgaum country of northern Karnataka from the ninth to the thirteenth c…
- ReamkerThe Reamker is the Khmer Rāmāyaṇa, known from manuscripts of the sixteenth century onward and…
- Recherla NayakasThe Recherla Nayakas ruled the hill forts of Rachakonda and Devarakonda in Telangana through…
- Reddy kingdom of KondaviduThe Reddy kingdom of Kondavidu ruled coastal Andhra for a century from 1325, and its patronag…
- Reddy kingdom of RajahmundryThe Reddy kingdom of Rajahmundry was the northern half of the Reddy state, ruling the Godāvar…
- Religious persecution under the MughalsReligious persecution under the Mughals refers to episodes of temple destruction, discriminat…
- SambhajiSambhaji Bhosale (1657–1689) was the second Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire, son and succes…
- Sena dynastyThe Senas were the last Hindu dynasty to rule Bengal, displacing the Pālas in the twelfth cen…
- Seuṇa Yādavas of DevagiriThe Seuṇa Yādavas ruled the Marathi-speaking Deccan from the hill fortress of Devagiri for ov…
- Shah Mir dynasty of KashmirThe Shah Mirs ruled Kashmir from 1339 to 1561, the dynasty under which the valley became Musl…
- Shimla Hill StatesThe Shimla Hill States were some twenty-eight small principalities of the Sutlej–Yamuna water…
- ShivajiShivaji Bhonsle (1630–1680) was the founder of the Maratha Empire, crowned Chhatrapati in 167…
- Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)The Siege of Chittorgarh of 1303 was Alauddin Khilji's successful campaign against the Guhila…
- Siege of Chittorgarh (1567-68)The siege of Chittorgarh (October 1567 to February 1568) was the Mughal emperor Akbar's rough…
- SirmurSirmur was a hill state of the Himachal foothills whose recovery from Gorkha occupation in 18…
- Sisodia dynasty of MewarThe Sisodias ruled Mewar from 1326 until 1949, the senior house among the Rajput dynasties, a…
- Spiti and Lahaul chiefshipsSpiti and Lahaul were trans-Himalayan valleys governed by local chiefs under Ladakhi and then…
- SuketSuket was one of the older hill states of Himachal, ruled by a Sen dynasty from which Mandi s…
- Syncretism in Indian religionsSyncretism in Indian religions refers to the historical blending of doctrines, deities, saint…
- Taj Mahal origin controversyThe Taj Mahal origin controversy refers to a set of disputed and, in several cases, discredit…
- Telugu CholasThe Telugu Cholas were a group of related dynasties in the Andhra country claiming Chola desc…
- Tomaras of GwaliorThe Tomaras ruled Gwalior for a century and a quarter from 1394, and under Mān Singh Tomar th…
- Torave RāmāyaṇaThe Torave Rāmāyaṇa is the best-known Kannada retelling of the epic, composed in the sixteent…
- TulsīdāsTulsīdās was the sixteenth-century poet-saint who composed the Rāmcaritmānas, the Awadhi Rāmā…
- Twipra kingdomThe Twipra kingdom was ruled by the Manikya dynasty from the fourteenth century until 1949, a…
- Vāghela dynastyThe Vāghelas were the last Hindu dynasty of Gujarat, ruling from Patan for sixty years until…
- Valluvanāḍ and Palakkad chieftainciesValluvanāḍ and Palakkad were central Kerala chieftaincies caught between Calicut and Cochin,…
- Velugoti Nayaks of VenkatagiriThe Velugoti Nayaks of Venkatagiri were Velama chiefs who served Vijayanagara, held their ter…
- VenāḍVenāḍ was the southern Kerala principality that emerged from the Chera collapse and grew into…
- Vijayanagara EmpireVijayanagara was the last great empire of southern India, founded on the Tungabhadra in 1336,…
- Wodeyars of MysoreThe Wodeyars ruled Mysore from 1399 to 1950, first as Vijayanagara feudatories, then as an in…
- Yajvapāla dynastyThe Yajvapālas ruled the Narwar country of central India in the second half of the thirteenth…
- Zamorins of CalicutThe Zamorins ruled Calicut from the twelfth century and made it the greatest port of the Mala…
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- Arunachal chiefshipsThe Arunachal hills held dozens of distinct peoples governed by village councils and clan chi…
- BushahrBushahr was the largest of the Himachal hill states, running up the Sutlej to the Tibetan fro…
- The Drukpa theocracy of BhutanThe Drukpa theocracy governed Bhutan from 1616 to 1907 under a dual system of religious and t…
- Khasa Malla kingdomThe Khasa Mallas ruled the Karnali basin and much of the western Himalaya from Sinja between…
- Kingdom of PongPong or Möng Mao was a Tai kingdom of the upper Irrawaddy country, significant for Indian his…
- Koṭas of DharaṇikoṭaThe Koṭas ruled Dharaṇikoṭa on the Krishna from the eleventh to the fourteenth century, the s…
- Malla dynasty of NepalThe Mallas ruled the Kathmandu valley from the thirteenth century to 1769, and their division…
- Maqpon dynasty of SkarduThe Maqpon dynasty ruled Baltistan from Skardu, a Tibetan-speaking Muslim country called Litt…
- MaryulMaryul was the first kingdom of Ladakh, founded around 930 by a descendant of the Tibetan imp…
- Namgyal dynasty of LadakhThe Namgyals ruled Ladakh from Leh from the fifteenth century until the Dogra conquest of 184…
- Namgyal dynasty of SikkimThe Namgyal chogyals ruled Sikkim from 1642 until 1975, when a referendum abolished the monar…
- Phra Lak Phra LamPhra Lak Phra Lam is the Lao Rāmāyaṇa, named for Lakṣmaṇa before Rāma, told as a birth-story…
- RamakienThe Ramakien is the Thai national version of the Rāmāyaṇa, whose fullest text was composed un…
- The Rāmāyaṇa in dance and mask-dramaThe Rāmāyaṇa is the central repertoire of classical and folk performance across South and Sou…
- ReamkerThe Reamker is the Khmer Rāmāyaṇa, known from manuscripts of the sixteenth century onward and…
- Spiti and Lahaul chiefshipsSpiti and Lahaul were trans-Himalayan valleys governed by local chiefs under Ladakhi and then…
- Trakhan dynasty of GilgitThe Trakhan dynasty ruled Gilgit from the fourteenth century until the Dogra conquest, in a v…
- Zanskar, Guge and PurangZanskar, Guge and Purang were the western Tibetan kingdoms founded by the surviving Tibetan r…
- AlupasThe Alupas ruled the Tulu-speaking coast of Karnataka for a thousand years as feudatories of…
- Bhañja dynastiesThe Bhañjas were a family of dynasties in the interior uplands of Odisha, ruling from the eig…
- Bhāṭīs of JaisalmerThe Bhāṭīs founded Jaisalmer in 1156 on a ridge in the Thar desert and ruled it until 1949, t…
- Chāhamānas of JālorThe Chāhamānas of Jālor ruled southwestern Rajasthan from the twelfth century until Alauddin…
- Chāhamānas of NaḍḍūlaThe Chāhamānas of Naḍḍūla were a branch of the Śākambharī house that ruled part of Marwar fro…
- Chāhamānas of RanthamboreThe Chāhamānas of Ranthambore were founded by Pṛthvīrāja III's son after the fall of Ajmer, a…
- Chāhamānas of ŚākambharīThe Chāhamānas of Śākambharī were the leading Rajput dynasty of eastern Rajasthan, and their…
- Chandela dynastyThe Chandelas ruled Bundelkhand from the ninth to the fourteenth century and built the temple…
- Chaulukya dynasty of GujaratThe Chaulukyas ruled Gujarat from Patan for three centuries from 942 CE, the period in which…
- Chudasamas of SaurashtraThe Chudasamas ruled Sorath in southern Saurashtra from Junagadh for six centuries, until the…
- Guhilas of MedapāṭaThe Guhilas ruled Medapāṭa — Mewar — from about the seventh century, holding Chittor until Al…
- Gujarat SultanateThe Gujarat Sultanate ruled the western seaboard from 1407 to 1573, founded Ahmedabad, and de…
- Guttas of GuttavolalThe Guttas were a feudatory family of the Dharwad country in northern Karnataka, claiming des…
- Hoysala dynastyThe Hoysalas ruled southern Karnataka from the eleventh to the fourteenth century and built a…
- Jain manuscript paintingJain manuscript painting is the illustrated book tradition of western India, produced chiefly…
- Kadambas of GoaThe Kadambas of Goa ruled the Konkan coast from the tenth to the fourteenth century, and thei…
- Kākatīya dynastyThe Kākatīyas ruled the Telugu country from Warangal for a century and a half, were governed…
- Kalpa SutraThe Kalpa Sutra is a Svetambara Jain text giving the lives of the tirthankaras and the rules…
- PalitanaPalitana in Gujarat is the site of Shatrunjaya hill, which carries several hundred Jain templ…
- Pandya dynastyThe Pandya dynasty was an ancient Tamil dynasty centered on Madurai in southern Tamil Nadu, w…
- Paramāra dynasty of MalwaThe Paramāras ruled Malwa from Dhārā for five centuries, and their king Bhoja was the most ce…
- Paramāras of ArbudaThe Paramāras of Arbuda ruled the Mount Abu country from Chandrāvatī, and it was under their…
- Paramāras of VāgaḍaThe Paramāras of Vāgaḍa were a branch of the Malwa house that ruled the hill country between…
- Qutub MinarThe Qutub Minar is a 73-metre brick minaret begun in Delhi in 1192-93 by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, f…
- RanakpurRanakpur is a Jain temple complex in Rajasthan, built in the fifteenth century, whose princip…
- Rattas of SaundattiThe Rattas ruled the Belgaum country of northern Karnataka from the ninth to the thirteenth c…
- Seuṇa Yādavas of DevagiriThe Seuṇa Yādavas ruled the Marathi-speaking Deccan from the hill fortress of Devagiri for ov…
- ShravanabelagolaShravanabelagola is a Jain pilgrimage centre in Karnataka, dominated by the colossal image of…
- Tomaras of GwaliorThe Tomaras ruled Gwalior for a century and a quarter from 1394, and under Mān Singh Tomar th…
- Vāghela dynastyThe Vāghelas were the last Hindu dynasty of Gujarat, ruling from Patan for sixty years until…
- Vijayanagara EmpireVijayanagara was the last great empire of southern India, founded on the Tungabhadra in 1336,…
- Yajvapāla dynastyThe Yajvapālas ruled the Narwar country of central India in the second half of the thirteenth…
- Akal TakhtThe Akal Takht is the seat of temporal authority in Sikhism, built by Guru Hargobind at Amrit…
- Amrit SancharAmrit Sanchar is the Sikh initiation rite, in which sweetened water stirred with a double-edg…
- Anandpur SahibAnandpur Sahib is the town in the Shivalik foothills founded by Guru Tegh Bahadur, where Guru…
- Banda Singh BahadurBanda Singh Bahadur was the Sikh commander who established the first Sikh state in the Punjab…
- Bhai GurdasBhai Gurdas was the scribe of the Adi Granth and the author of the vars, the earliest Sikh ex…
- Dasam GranthThe Dasam Granth is a collection of compositions associated with Guru Gobind Singh, whose aut…
- The Five KsThe Five Ks are the articles of faith worn by initiated Sikhs — uncut hair, comb, steel brace…
- GurdwaraA gurdwara is a Sikh place of assembly, defined by the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib, and…
- GurmukhiGurmukhi is the script in which Punjabi is written in India and in which the Guru Granth Sahi…
- Guru Amar DasGuru Amar Das was the third Sikh Guru, who organised the community into administrative distri…
- Guru AngadGuru Angad was the second Sikh Guru, who standardised the Gurmukhi script, collected Nanak's…
- Guru ArjanGuru Arjan was the fifth Sikh Guru, who compiled the Adi Granth, built the Harmandir Sahib at…
- Guru Gobind SinghGuru Gobind Singh (1666–1708) was the tenth and last human Guru of Sikhism, who founded the K…
- Guru Granth SahibThe Guru Granth Sahib is the scripture of Sikhism and, since 1708, its living Guru, a fixed c…
- Guru Har KrishanGuru Har Krishan was the eighth Sikh Guru, who succeeded at the age of five and died of small…
- Guru Har RaiGuru Har Rai was the seventh Sikh Guru, who maintained the armed retinue he inherited without…
- Guru HargobindGuru Hargobind was the sixth Sikh Guru, who took up arms after his father's execution, built…
- Guru NanakGuru Nanak was the founder of Sikhism, a teacher of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Punjab w…
- Guru Ram DasGuru Ram Das was the fourth Sikh Guru, the founder of Amritsar, and the composer of the Lavan…
- Guru Tegh BahadurGuru Tegh Bahadur was the ninth Sikh Guru, executed at Delhi in 1675 in a case Sikh tradition…
- Harmandir SahibThe Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar is the principal gurdwara of Sikhism, built by Guru Arjan in…
- Ik OnkarIk Onkar is the opening phrase of Sikh scripture, asserting one indivisible divine reality, a…
- Japji SahibThe Japji Sahib is Guru Nanak's principal composition, placed at the opening of the Guru Gran…
- KartarpurKartarpur on the Ravi is where Guru Nanak settled after his travels, established the first Si…
- KhalsaThe Khalsa is the order founded by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699, whose initiated members take vo…
- LangarThe langar is the free communal kitchen attached to every gurdwara, where anyone may eat, sea…
- Miri-PiriMiri-Piri is the Sikh doctrine that temporal and spiritual authority belong together, express…
- Mul MantarThe Mul Mantar is the opening statement of the Guru Granth Sahib, a short formula setting out…
- Naam SimranNaam Simran is the Sikh discipline of remembering and repeating the divine name, held by the…
- Nankana SahibNankana Sahib in Pakistani Punjab is the birthplace of Guru Nanak, marked by Gurdwara Janam A…
- Panj PyareThe Panj Pyare are the five men who answered Guru Gobind Singh's call at Anandpur in 1699 and…
- Religious persecution under the MughalsReligious persecution under the Mughals refers to episodes of temple destruction, discriminat…
- SevaSeva is selfless service in Sikh teaching, treated not as charity offered from above but as a…
- The Sikh mislsThe misls were the confederacies into which Sikh fighting bands organised themselves in the e…
- SikhismSikhism is the monotheistic religion founded in fifteenth-century Punjab by Guru Nanak, devel…
- Syncretism in Indian religionsSyncretism in Indian religions refers to the historical blending of doctrines, deities, saint…
- VaisakhiVaisakhi is the spring harvest festival of the Punjab and the anniversary of the founding of…
- WaheguruWaheguru is the name of God in Sikh usage, and the word most commonly repeated in the practic…
Islamic53 here · all Islamic →
- Adil Shahi Sultanate of BijapurThe Adil Shahis ruled Bijapur and the western Deccan for nearly two centuries, and built the…
- Ahom-Mughal warsA series of intermittent 17th-century conflicts between the Ahom kingdom of Assam and the Mug…
- AkbarAkbar, born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad, was the third Mughal emperor, who ruled from 1556 to 1605,…
- AurangzebAurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707), known also by his regnal title Alamgir, was the sixth Mughal e…
- Aurangzeb and the MarathasThe Mughal-Maratha wars were a 27-year series of campaigns (1681–1707) fought by Emperor Aura…
- Bahmani SultanateThe Bahmani Sultanate ruled the Deccan from 1347 to 1527, the first independent Muslim kingdo…
- Barid Shahi Sultanate of BidarThe Barid Shahis held Bidar, the old Bahmani capital, from 1489 to 1619, the smallest of the…
- Baro-Bhuyan confederacyThe Baro-Bhuyans were confederacies of independent landholders in Assam and Bengal who govern…
- Battle of SamugarhThe Battle of Samugarh, fought on 29 May 1658 near Agra, was the decisive engagement of the M…
- Battles of PanipatThe three Battles of Panipat, fought in 1526, 1556, and 1761 on the same plain north of Delhi…
- Bengal SultanateThe Bengal Sultanate ruled the delta for over two centuries from 1352, an independent and pro…
- Chak dynasty of KashmirThe Chaks were the last independent dynasty of Kashmir, ruling from 1561 until Akbar annexed…
- ChitralChitral was a Hindu Kush principality under the Kator mehtars, containing the Kalash valleys…
- Dara ShikohDara Shikoh (1615–1659) was the eldest son of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and heir apparent to…
- DelhiDelhi is the capital of India and one of the longest continuously inhabited urban regions in…
- Delhi SultanateThe Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE) was a series of five Turkic and Afghan Muslim dynasties th…
- Gujarat SultanateThe Gujarat Sultanate ruled the western seaboard from 1407 to 1573, founded Ahmedabad, and de…
- Hikayat Seri RamaThe Hikayat Seri Rama is the Malay prose Rāmāyaṇa, known from manuscripts of the sixteenth an…
- HunzaHunza was a Karakoram principality whose people speak Burushaski, a language unrelated to any…
- Imad Shahi Sultanate of BerarThe Imad Shahis ruled Berar from 1490 to 1572, the first of the five Deccan sultanates to be…
- Islamic rule in KashmirIslamic rule in Kashmir denotes the political and religious transformation of the Kashmir Val…
- Jaunpur SultanateThe Sharqi sultans ruled the eastern Ganga plain from Jaunpur for eighty-five years, and made…
- Khalji dynastyThe Khalji dynasty was a Turko-Afghan ruling house that governed the Delhi Sultanate from 129…
- Khaplu, Shigar, Astor and ChilasKhaplu, Shigar, Astor and Chilas were the smaller Baltistan and upper Indus chiefships that r…
- Khokhar chiefsThe Khokhars were a Punjab people whose chiefs resisted the Delhi Sultanate for three centuri…
- Lodi dynastyThe Lodis were the last dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, the first of Afghan rather than Turki…
- Malwa SultanateThe Malwa Sultanate ruled central India from 1392 to 1562, and built at Mandu one of the most…
- Mamluk dynasty of DelhiThe Mamluk dynasty founded the Delhi Sultanate in 1206, ruled northern India for eighty-four…
- Maqpon dynasty of SkarduThe Maqpon dynasty ruled Baltistan from Skardu, a Tibetan-speaking Muslim country called Litt…
- Mughal EmpireThe Mughal Empire was a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Timurid and Chagatai descent that ruled…
- Mughal-Maratha warsThe Mughal-Maratha wars were a prolonged series of conflicts between the Mughal Empire and th…
- Muhammad bin TughluqMuhammad bin Tughluq (r.
- Multan SultanateThe Langah sultans ruled Multan and southern Punjab from 1445 to 1528, in the gap between the…
- NagarNagar was the principality facing Hunza across the same river gorge, ruled by the Maglot dyna…
- Nizam Shahi Sultanate of AhmadnagarThe Nizam Shahis ruled Ahmadnagar from 1490 to 1636, the Deccan sultanate that fought the Mug…
- Qutb Shahi Sultanate of GolcondaThe Qutb Shahis ruled Golconda and the Telugu country from 1518 to 1687, founded Hyderabad, a…
- Qutub MinarThe Qutub Minar is a 73-metre brick minaret begun in Delhi in 1192-93 by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, f…
- Religious persecution under the MughalsReligious persecution under the Mughals refers to episodes of temple destruction, discriminat…
- Samma dynastyThe Sammas ruled Sindh from Thatta for nearly two centuries from 1351, a period regarded as t…
- Sayyid dynastyThe Sayyids ruled Delhi from 1414 to 1451, in the aftermath of Timur's invasion, when the Sul…
- Shah Mir dynasty of KashmirThe Shah Mirs ruled Kashmir from 1339 to 1561, the dynasty under which the valley became Musl…
- Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)The Siege of Chittorgarh of 1303 was Alauddin Khilji's successful campaign against the Guhila…
- Siege of Chittorgarh (1567-68)The siege of Chittorgarh (October 1567 to February 1568) was the Mughal emperor Akbar's rough…
- Soomra dynastyThe Soomras ruled Sindh for three centuries after the fall of the Habbaris, the first dynasty…
- Sur EmpireThe Sur Empire ruled northern India for sixteen years after Sher Shah Suri drove Humayun out…
- Syncretism in Indian religionsSyncretism in Indian religions refers to the historical blending of doctrines, deities, saint…
- Taj MahalThe Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum complex on the Yamuna river at Agra, built between…
- Taj Mahal origin controversyThe Taj Mahal origin controversy refers to a set of disputed and, in several cases, discredit…
- Timur's invasion of IndiaTimur's invasion of India was a campaign by the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur, known as Tamerl…
- Trakhan dynasty of GilgitThe Trakhan dynasty ruled Gilgit from the fourteenth century until the Dogra conquest, in a v…
- Tughlaq dynastyThe Tughlaqs ruled Delhi from 1320 to 1414, took the Sultanate to its greatest extent under M…
- Vijayanagara EmpireVijayanagara was the last great empire of southern India, founded on the Tungabhadra in 1336,…
- Zamorins of CalicutThe Zamorins ruled Calicut from the twelfth century and made it the greatest port of the Mala…
Folk & Regional22 here · all Folk & Regional →
- Ahom dynastyThe Ahom dynasty was a Tai-descended royal line that ruled the Brahmaputra valley of Assam fr…
- Arunachal chiefshipsThe Arunachal hills held dozens of distinct peoples governed by village councils and clan chi…
- BushahrBushahr was the largest of the Himachal hill states, running up the Sutlej to the Tibetan fro…
- Chindaka Nāgas of BastarThe Chindaka Nāgas ruled the Bastar country of southern Chhattisgarh from about 1000 to 1324…
- ChitralChitral was a Hindu Kush principality under the Kator mehtars, containing the Kalash valleys…
- Chutia kingdomThe Chutia kingdom held upper Assam around Sadiya from the twelfth century until the Ahoms de…
- Garo nokma chiefdomsThe Garo hills were governed by village chiefdoms under a nokma rather than by any kingdom, a…
- Jaintia kingdomThe Jaintia kingdom held the hills and the adjoining Sylhet plain until 1835, a matrilineal K…
- JhulelalJhulelal is the patron deity of the Sindhi community, worshipped by Sindhi Hindus as an incar…
- Kachari kingdomThe Kachari or Dimasa kingdom ruled central and southern Assam from Dimapur and later Maibang…
- Khasi hima statesThe Khasi hima were some twenty-five small states of the Meghalaya hills, each governed by an…
- Khatu ShyamKhatu Shyam is a Hindu deity worshipped chiefly in Rajasthan as a form of Barbarika, a Mahabh…
- KulluKullu was a kingdom of the upper Beas valley whose rajas ceded sovereignty to the god Raghuna…
- ManipurManipur was ruled by the Ningthouja dynasty from the Kangla at Imphal, and its court chronicl…
- Mizo chiefdomsThe Mizo hills were held by hereditary chiefs, chiefly of the Sailo clan, each ruling a villa…
- MoirangMoirang was one of the principalities of the Manipur valley before Ningthouja unification, th…
- Naga village republicsThe Naga hills were divided among independent villages, each a sovereign unit governed by its…
- Nāgavaṃśī of ChotanagpurThe Nāgavaṃśīs ruled the Chotanagpur plateau, claiming descent from a serpent ancestor, and s…
- Namgyal dynasty of SikkimThe Namgyal chogyals ruled Sikkim from 1642 until 1975, when a referendum abolished the monar…
- Shimla Hill StatesThe Shimla Hill States were some twenty-eight small principalities of the Sutlej–Yamuna water…
- Syncretism in Indian religionsSyncretism in Indian religions refers to the historical blending of doctrines, deities, saint…
- Twipra kingdomThe Twipra kingdom was ruled by the Manikya dynasty from the fourteenth century until 1949, a…
Other Faiths7 here · all Other Faiths →
- Dutch IndiaDutch India was the network of Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie factories on the Indian coas…
- Garo nokma chiefdomsThe Garo hills were governed by village chiefdoms under a nokma rather than by any kingdom, a…
- Khasi hima statesThe Khasi hima were some twenty-five small states of the Meghalaya hills, each governed by an…
- Kingdom of CochinThe kingdom of Cochin ruled central Kerala from the twelfth century until 1949, and by allyin…
- Mizo chiefdomsThe Mizo hills were held by hereditary chiefs, chiefly of the Sailo clan, each ruling a villa…
- Naga village republicsThe Naga hills were divided among independent villages, each a sovereign unit governed by its…
- Portuguese IndiaPortuguese India was the first and the last European territorial presence in the subcontinent…
Political & Secular161 here · all Political & Secular →
- Adil Shahi Sultanate of BijapurThe Adil Shahis ruled Bijapur and the western Deccan for nearly two centuries, and built the…
- Afonso de AlbuquerqueAfonso de Albuquerque was a Portuguese admiral and the second governor of Portuguese India, w…
- Ahom dynastyThe Ahom dynasty was a Tai-descended royal line that ruled the Brahmaputra valley of Assam fr…
- Ahom-Mughal warsA series of intermittent 17th-century conflicts between the Ahom kingdom of Assam and the Mug…
- AkbarAkbar, born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad, was the third Mughal emperor, who ruled from 1556 to 1605,…
- AlupasThe Alupas ruled the Tulu-speaking coast of Karnataka for a thousand years as feudatories of…
- Arunachal chiefshipsThe Arunachal hills held dozens of distinct peoples governed by village councils and clan chi…
- AurangzebAurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707), known also by his regnal title Alamgir, was the sixth Mughal e…
- Aurangzeb and the MarathasThe Mughal-Maratha wars were a 27-year series of campaigns (1681–1707) fought by Emperor Aura…
- Baghelas of RewaThe Baghelas ruled Baghelkhand from the thirteenth century until 1948, a durable second-rank…
- Bahmani SultanateThe Bahmani Sultanate ruled the Deccan from 1347 to 1527, the first independent Muslim kingdo…
- Baise RajyaThe Baise Rajya were the twenty-two small kingdoms of the Karnali basin that emerged from the…
- Barid Shahi Sultanate of BidarThe Barid Shahis held Bidar, the old Bahmani capital, from 1489 to 1619, the smallest of the…
- Baro-Bhuyan confederacyThe Baro-Bhuyans were confederacies of independent landholders in Assam and Bengal who govern…
- Battle of SamugarhThe Battle of Samugarh, fought on 29 May 1658 near Agra, was the decisive engagement of the M…
- Battles of PanipatThe three Battles of Panipat, fought in 1526, 1556, and 1761 on the same plain north of Delhi…
- Bengal SultanateThe Bengal Sultanate ruled the delta for over two centuries from 1352, an independent and pro…
- Bhañja dynastiesThe Bhañjas were a family of dynasties in the interior uplands of Odisha, ruling from the eig…
- Bhāṭīs of JaisalmerThe Bhāṭīs founded Jaisalmer in 1156 on a ridge in the Thar desert and ruled it until 1949, t…
- Bhulua kingdomBhulua was a small kingdom of southeastern Bengal, in the Noakhali country, holding out in th…
- BilaspurBilaspur, also called Kahlur, was a Sutlej valley state whose capital was submerged in the 19…
- BushahrBushahr was the largest of the Himachal hill states, running up the Sutlej to the Tibetan fro…
- Carnatic WarsA series of three conflicts fought between 1746 and 1763 in which the British and French East…
- Chāhamānas of JālorThe Chāhamānas of Jālor ruled southwestern Rajasthan from the twelfth century until Alauddin…
- Chāhamānas of NaḍḍūlaThe Chāhamānas of Naḍḍūla were a branch of the Śākambharī house that ruled part of Marwar fro…
- Chāhamānas of RanthamboreThe Chāhamānas of Ranthambore were founded by Pṛthvīrāja III's son after the fall of Ajmer, a…
- Chāhamānas of ŚākambharīThe Chāhamānas of Śākambharī were the leading Rajput dynasty of eastern Rajasthan, and their…
- Chak dynasty of KashmirThe Chaks were the last independent dynasty of Kashmir, ruling from 1561 until Akbar annexed…
- ChambaChamba was a Himalayan kingdom of the Ravi valley from the sixth century to 1948, whose unbro…
- Chandela dynastyThe Chandelas ruled Bundelkhand from the ninth to the fourteenth century and built the temple…
- ChandradwipChandradwip was a deltaic kingdom of southern Bengal whose Bakla rajas were among the Baro-Bh…
- Chaubisi RajyaThe Chaubisi Rajya were the twenty-four principalities of the Gandaki basin in central Nepal,…
- Chaulukya dynasty of GujaratThe Chaulukyas ruled Gujarat from Patan for three centuries from 942 CE, the period in which…
- Chindaka Nāgas of BastarThe Chindaka Nāgas ruled the Bastar country of southern Chhattisgarh from about 1000 to 1324…
- ChitralChitral was a Hindu Kush principality under the Kator mehtars, containing the Kalash valleys…
- Chola EmpireThe Chola Empire ruled the Tamil country from 848 to 1279, at its height controlling southern…
- Chudasamas of SaurashtraThe Chudasamas ruled Sorath in southern Saurashtra from Junagadh for six centuries, until the…
- Chutia kingdomThe Chutia kingdom held upper Assam around Sadiya from the twelfth century until the Ahoms de…
- DelhiDelhi is the capital of India and one of the longest continuously inhabited urban regions in…
- Doti kingdomDoti was a kingdom of far-western Nepal ruled by the Raika kings, one of the successor states…
- The Drukpa theocracy of BhutanThe Drukpa theocracy governed Bhutan from 1616 to 1907 under a dual system of religious and t…
- Dutch IndiaDutch India was the network of Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie factories on the Indian coas…
- Eastern Ganga dynastyThe Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga for nearly a thousand years, and under them the Jagannātha t…
- Gajapati dynastyThe Gajapatis ruled Odisha from 1434 to 1541 and briefly held the eastern seaboard from the G…
- Garhwal kingdomThe Panwar dynasty ruled Garhwal from the ninth century until 1949, a Himalayan kingdom conta…
- Garo nokma chiefdomsThe Garo hills were governed by village chiefdoms under a nokma rather than by any kingdom, a…
- Gohil dynastyThe Gohils migrated from Marwar to eastern Saurashtra in the thirteenth century and gave thei…
- Guhilas of MedapāṭaThe Guhilas ruled Medapāṭa — Mewar — from about the seventh century, holding Chittor until Al…
- Gujarat SultanateThe Gujarat Sultanate ruled the western seaboard from 1407 to 1573, founded Ahmedabad, and de…
- GulerGuler was a small Kangra-valley state whose court produced the Guler school of painting and t…
- Guttas of GuttavolalThe Guttas were a feudatory family of the Dharwad country in northern Karnataka, claiming des…
- Hāḍā Chauhans of Bundi and KotaThe Hāḍās were a Chāhamāna branch that ruled the Hadoti country of southeastern Rajasthan fro…
- HampiHampi is the ruined capital of the Vijayanagara Empire on the Tungabhadra River in Karnataka,…
- Hoysala dynastyThe Hoysalas ruled southern Karnataka from the eleventh to the fourteenth century and built a…
- HunzaHunza was a Karakoram principality whose people speak Burushaski, a language unrelated to any…
- Imad Shahi Sultanate of BerarThe Imad Shahis ruled Berar from 1490 to 1572, the first of the five Deccan sultanates to be…
- Jadeja dynasty of KutchThe Jadejas ruled Kutch from the twelfth century until 1948, a desert and coastal kingdom who…
- Jaintia kingdomThe Jaintia kingdom held the hills and the adjoining Sylhet plain until 1835, a matrilineal K…
- Jaunpur SultanateThe Sharqi sultans ruled the eastern Ganga plain from Jaunpur for eighty-five years, and made…
- Jethwa dynastyThe Jethwas ruled the Barda hills and the Porbandar coast of Saurashtra from the medieval per…
- Joseph Francois DupleixJoseph-Francois Dupleix was a French colonial administrator and Governor-General of French In…
- Kachari kingdomThe Kachari or Dimasa kingdom ruled central and southern Assam from Dimapur and later Maibang…
- Kachwahas of DhūṇḍhāḍThe Kachwahas ruled Dhūṇḍhāḍ from Amber and later Jaipur, were the first Rajput house to ente…
- Kadambas of GoaThe Kadambas of Goa ruled the Konkan coast from the tenth to the fourteenth century, and thei…
- Kākatīya dynastyThe Kākatīyas ruled the Telugu country from Warangal for a century and a half, were governed…
- Kalachuris of RatnapuraThe Kalachuris of Ratnapura were a branch of the Tripurī house that ruled Chhattisgarh from a…
- Kalachuris of TripurīThe Kalachuris of Tripurī ruled the Chedi country of central India for four centuries, reachi…
- Kāmatā kingdomKāmatā was the kingdom that succeeded Kāmarūpa in western Assam and north Bengal from the thi…
- Kangra and the Katoch dynastyThe Katoch rajas of Kangra claimed descent from the ancient Trigarta and, under Sansar Chand…
- Karṇāṭa dynasty of MithilāThe Karṇāṭas ruled Mithilā from Simraungarh for over two centuries from 1097, a dynasty of so…
- Katyūrī dynastyThe Katyūrīs ruled the central Himalayan country of what is now Uttarakhand from about 700 to…
- Keladi NayakasThe Keladi Nayakas ruled the Malnad hills and the Karnataka coast from 1499 to 1763, and thei…
- Khaplu, Shigar, Astor and ChilasKhaplu, Shigar, Astor and Chilas were the smaller Baltistan and upper Indus chiefships that r…
- Khasa Malla kingdomThe Khasa Mallas ruled the Karnali basin and much of the western Himalaya from Sinja between…
- Khasi hima statesThe Khasi hima were some twenty-five small states of the Meghalaya hills, each governed by an…
- Khen dynasty of KāmatāThe Khens were the last dynasty of the Kāmatā kingdom, ruling for some sixty years until the…
- Khokhar chiefsThe Khokhars were a Punjab people whose chiefs resisted the Delhi Sultanate for three centuri…
- Kingdom of CochinThe kingdom of Cochin ruled central Kerala from the twelfth century until 1949, and by allyin…
- Kingdom of PongPong or Möng Mao was a Tai kingdom of the upper Irrawaddy country, significant for Indian his…
- Koch dynastyThe Koch dynasty ruled western Assam and north Bengal from 1515, reached its height under Nar…
- Koch HajoKoch Hajo was the eastern half of the divided Koch kingdom, lasting a single generation befor…
- KolathunāḍuKolathunāḍu was the north Malabar kingdom that succeeded the Mūṣikas, ruling from Chirakkal,…
- Koṭas of DharaṇikoṭaThe Koṭas ruled Dharaṇikoṭa on the Krishna from the eleventh to the fourteenth century, the s…
- KulluKullu was a kingdom of the upper Beas valley whose rajas ceded sovereignty to the god Raghuna…
- Kumaon kingdomThe Chand dynasty ruled Kumaon from Champawat and later Almora until the Gorkha conquest of 1…
- KutlehrKutlehr was one of the smallest of the Punjab hill states, holding a few valleys in the Himac…
- Lodi dynastyThe Lodis were the last dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, the first of Afghan rather than Turki…
- Lohara dynastyThe Loharas ruled Kashmir from 1003 to 1320, a period of increasing disorder that Kalhaṇa rec…
- Malla dynasty of BishnupurThe Malla kings of Bishnupur ruled the Bankura country of western Bengal for over a thousand…
- Malla dynasty of NepalThe Mallas ruled the Kathmandu valley from the thirteenth century to 1769, and their division…
- Malwa SultanateThe Malwa Sultanate ruled central India from 1392 to 1562, and built at Mandu one of the most…
- Mamluk dynasty of DelhiThe Mamluk dynasty founded the Delhi Sultanate in 1206, ruled northern India for eighty-four…
- MandiMandi was a Himalayan state of the Beas valley founded in 1527, known for its stone temples a…
- ManipurManipur was ruled by the Ningthouja dynasty from the Kangla at Imphal, and its court chronicl…
- Maqpon dynasty of SkarduThe Maqpon dynasty ruled Baltistan from Skardu, a Tibetan-speaking Muslim country called Litt…
- Maratha EmpireThe Maratha Empire was a Hindu warrior state that rose in the Deccan under Chhatrapati Shivaj…
- MaryulMaryul was the first kingdom of Ladakh, founded around 930 by a descendant of the Tibetan imp…
- Mizo chiefdomsThe Mizo hills were held by hereditary chiefs, chiefly of the Sailo clan, each ruling a villa…
- MoirangMoirang was one of the principalities of the Manipur valley before Ningthouja unification, th…
- Mughal EmpireThe Mughal Empire was a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Timurid and Chagatai descent that ruled…
- Mughal-Maratha warsThe Mughal-Maratha wars were a prolonged series of conflicts between the Mughal Empire and th…
- Muhammad bin TughluqMuhammad bin Tughluq (r.
- Multan SultanateThe Langah sultans ruled Multan and southern Punjab from 1445 to 1528, in the gap between the…
- Musunuri NayaksThe Musunuri Nayaks were Kākatīya officers who combined after the fall of Warangal in 1323 to…
- Naga village republicsThe Naga hills were divided among independent villages, each a sovereign unit governed by its…
- NagarNagar was the principality facing Hunza across the same river gorge, ruled by the Maglot dyna…
- Nāgavaṃśī of ChotanagpurThe Nāgavaṃśīs ruled the Chotanagpur plateau, claiming descent from a serpent ancestor, and s…
- NalagarhNalagarh, also called Hindur, was a small state of the Himachal foothills founded as a branch…
- Namgyal dynasty of LadakhThe Namgyals ruled Ladakh from Leh from the fifteenth century until the Dogra conquest of 184…
- Namgyal dynasty of SikkimThe Namgyal chogyals ruled Sikkim from 1642 until 1975, when a referendum abolished the monar…
- Narasimhadeva INarasimhadeva I (r.
- Nayaks of GingeeThe Nayaks of Gingee ruled the northern Tamil country from a fortress spanning three hills th…
- Nayaks of MaduraiThe Nayaks of Madurai ruled the southern Tamil country for two centuries from 1529, and under…
- Nayaks of ThanjavurThe Nayaks of Thanjavur ruled the Kaveri delta from 1532 to 1673, a Telugu-speaking dynasty i…
- Nellore CholasThe Nellore Cholas ruled southern Andhra between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, and th…
- Nizam Shahi Sultanate of AhmadnagarThe Nizam Shahis ruled Ahmadnagar from 1490 to 1636, the Deccan sultanate that fought the Mug…
- NurpurNurpur was a Pathania state on the Punjab–Himachal border, renamed for the Mughal empress Nur…
- Oinwar dynastyThe Oinwars ruled Mithilā for two centuries after the fall of the Karṇāṭas, and their court p…
- Paramāra dynasty of MalwaThe Paramāras ruled Malwa from Dhārā for five centuries, and their king Bhoja was the most ce…
- Paramāras of ArbudaThe Paramāras of Arbuda ruled the Mount Abu country from Chandrāvatī, and it was under their…
- Paramāras of VāgaḍaThe Paramāras of Vāgaḍa were a branch of the Malwa house that ruled the hill country between…
- Portuguese IndiaPortuguese India was the first and the last European territorial presence in the subcontinent…
- Pottapi CholasThe Pottapi Cholas were a Telugu Choda branch ruling from Pottapi in the Cuddapah country bet…
- Qutb Shahi Sultanate of GolcondaThe Qutb Shahis ruled Golconda and the Telugu country from 1518 to 1687, founded Hyderabad, a…
- Rana SangaRana Sanga (Sangram Singh, r.
- Rathores of MarwarThe Rathores ruled Marwar from the thirteenth century and founded Jodhpur in 1459, becoming w…
- Rattas of SaundattiThe Rattas ruled the Belgaum country of northern Karnataka from the ninth to the thirteenth c…
- Recherla NayakasThe Recherla Nayakas ruled the hill forts of Rachakonda and Devarakonda in Telangana through…
- Reddy kingdom of KondaviduThe Reddy kingdom of Kondavidu ruled coastal Andhra for a century from 1325, and its patronag…
- Reddy kingdom of RajahmundryThe Reddy kingdom of Rajahmundry was the northern half of the Reddy state, ruling the Godāvar…
- Robert CliveRobert Clive was a British East India Company military officer and administrator whose victor…
- SambhajiSambhaji Bhosale (1657–1689) was the second Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire, son and succes…
- Samma dynastyThe Sammas ruled Sindh from Thatta for nearly two centuries from 1351, a period regarded as t…
- Sayyid dynastyThe Sayyids ruled Delhi from 1414 to 1451, in the aftermath of Timur's invasion, when the Sul…
- Sena dynastyThe Senas were the last Hindu dynasty to rule Bengal, displacing the Pālas in the twelfth cen…
- Seuṇa Yādavas of DevagiriThe Seuṇa Yādavas ruled the Marathi-speaking Deccan from the hill fortress of Devagiri for ov…
- Shah Mir dynasty of KashmirThe Shah Mirs ruled Kashmir from 1339 to 1561, the dynasty under which the valley became Musl…
- Shimla Hill StatesThe Shimla Hill States were some twenty-eight small principalities of the Sutlej–Yamuna water…
- ShivajiShivaji Bhonsle (1630–1680) was the founder of the Maratha Empire, crowned Chhatrapati in 167…
- SirmurSirmur was a hill state of the Himachal foothills whose recovery from Gorkha occupation in 18…
- Sisodia dynasty of MewarThe Sisodias ruled Mewar from 1326 until 1949, the senior house among the Rajput dynasties, a…
- Soomra dynastyThe Soomras ruled Sindh for three centuries after the fall of the Habbaris, the first dynasty…
- Spiti and Lahaul chiefshipsSpiti and Lahaul were trans-Himalayan valleys governed by local chiefs under Ladakhi and then…
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