Colonial
c. 1750 – 1947 CE
Company rule, the Raj, reform movements and the struggle for independence.
HinduAll Hindu →
- Ahom dynastyThe Ahom dynasty was a Tai-descended royal line that ruled the Brahmaputra valley of Assam fr…
- Angres of KolabaThe Angres commanded the Maratha navy from the Konkan forts and for fifty years levied their…
- Asaf Jahi dynastyThe Asaf Jahi Nizams ruled Hyderabad from 1724 to 1948, the largest and richest princely stat…
- Baghelas of RewaThe Baghelas ruled Baghelkhand from the thirteenth century until 1948, a durable second-rank…
- Battles of PanipatThe three Battles of Panipat, fought in 1526, 1556, and 1761 on the same plain north of Delhi…
- Bhāṭīs of JaisalmerThe Bhāṭīs founded Jaisalmer in 1156 on a ridge in the Thar desert and ruled it until 1949, t…
- Bhonsles of NagpurThe Bhonsles of Nagpur ruled the eastern Maratha territories from 1739 until the state was an…
- BilaspurBilaspur, also called Kahlur, was a Sutlej valley state whose capital was submerged in the 19…
- BushahrBushahr was the largest of the Himachal hill states, running up the Sutlej to the Tibetan fro…
- ChambaChamba was a Himalayan kingdom of the Ravi valley from the sixth century to 1948, whose unbro…
- Chhatrapatis of KolhapurThe Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur were the junior branch of Shivaji's line, and their ruler Shahu…
- Gaekwads of BarodaThe Gaekwads ruled Baroda from 1721 to 1949, and under Sayajirao Gaekwad III the state introd…
- Garhwal kingdomThe Panwar dynasty ruled Garhwal from the ninth century until 1949, a Himalayan kingdom conta…
- Gohil dynastyThe Gohils migrated from Marwar to eastern Saurashtra in the thirteenth century and gave thei…
- Gorkha rule in Himachal and UttarakhandGorkha rule in Himachal and Uttarakhand refers to the roughly two-decade period, from 1790 to…
- GulerGuler was a small Kangra-valley state whose court produced the Guler school of painting and t…
- Hāḍā Chauhans of Bundi and KotaThe Hāḍās were a Chāhamāna branch that ruled the Hadoti country of southeastern Rajasthan fro…
- Holkars of IndoreThe Holkars ruled Indore and western Malwa from 1731 to 1948, and their queen Ahilyabai rebui…
- Jadeja dynasty of KutchThe Jadejas ruled Kutch from the twelfth century until 1948, a desert and coastal kingdom who…
- Jaintia kingdomThe Jaintia kingdom held the hills and the adjoining Sylhet plain until 1835, a matrilineal K…
- Jethwa dynastyThe Jethwas ruled the Barda hills and the Porbandar coast of Saurashtra from the medieval per…
- Kachari kingdomThe Kachari or Dimasa kingdom ruled central and southern Assam from Dimapur and later Maibang…
- Kachwahas of DhūṇḍhāḍThe Kachwahas ruled Dhūṇḍhāḍ from Amber and later Jaipur, were the first Rajput house to ente…
- Kangra and the Katoch dynastyThe Katoch rajas of Kangra claimed descent from the ancient Trigarta and, under Sansar Chand…
- Kingdom of CochinThe kingdom of Cochin ruled central Kerala from the twelfth century until 1949, and by allyin…
- Kingdom of TravancoreTravancore was the kingdom Marthanda Varma built out of Venāḍ from 1729, notable for defeatin…
- Koch dynastyThe Koch dynasty ruled western Assam and north Bengal from 1515, reached its height under Nar…
- KolathunāḍuKolathunāḍu was the north Malabar kingdom that succeeded the Mūṣikas, ruling from Chirakkal,…
- KulluKullu was a kingdom of the upper Beas valley whose rajas ceded sovereignty to the god Raghuna…
- Kumaon kingdomThe Chand dynasty ruled Kumaon from Champawat and later Almora until the Gorkha conquest of 1…
- KutlehrKutlehr was one of the smallest of the Punjab hill states, holding a few valleys in the Himac…
- Malla dynasty of BishnupurThe Malla kings of Bishnupur ruled the Bankura country of western Bengal for over a thousand…
- MandiMandi was a Himalayan state of the Beas valley founded in 1527, known for its stone temples a…
- ManipurManipur was ruled by the Ningthouja dynasty from the Kangla at Imphal, and its court chronicl…
- Maratha EmpireThe Maratha Empire was a Hindu warrior state that rose in the Deccan under Chhatrapati Shivaj…
- Matak stateThe Matak state was carved out of upper Assam by the Moamaria rebels in 1805, the political o…
- Mohandas Karamchand GandhiMohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869–1948) was an Indian lawyer and political leader who develope…
- Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tipu SultanHyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan ruled Mysore from 1761 to 1799, fought four wars against th…
- Nāgavaṃśī of ChotanagpurThe Nāgavaṃśīs ruled the Chotanagpur plateau, claiming descent from a serpent ancestor, and s…
- NalagarhNalagarh, also called Hindur, was a small state of the Himachal foothills founded as a branch…
- Nawabs of AwadhThe Nawabs of Awadh ruled the central Ganga plain from Lucknow until the British annexed the…
- Nayaks of MaduraiThe Nayaks of Madurai ruled the southern Tamil country for two centuries from 1529, and under…
- NurpurNurpur was a Pathania state on the Punjab–Himachal border, renamed for the Mughal empress Nur…
- Partition of IndiaThe Partition of India in 1947 divided British India into the independent dominions of India…
- The PeshwasThe Peshwas were the hereditary chief ministers who ruled the Maratha empire from Pune for a…
- Puars of Dhar and DewasThe Puars held Dhar and the two Dewas states in Malwa from 1728 to 1948, Maratha commanders w…
- PunjabPunjab, the "Land of Five Rivers" straddling the India-Pakistan border in the northwestern su…
- RamakienThe Ramakien is the Thai national version of the Rāmāyaṇa, whose fullest text was composed un…
- The Rāmāyaṇa in paintingThe Rāmāyaṇa has been illustrated continuously in Indian painting, most magnificently in the…
- The Rāmnāmī SamājThe Rāmnāmīs are a community of the Chhattisgarh plains, founded in the late nineteenth centu…
- Rathores of MarwarThe Rathores ruled Marwar from the thirteenth century and founded Jodhpur in 1459, becoming w…
- Scindias of GwaliorThe Scindias ruled Gwalior and much of central India from 1731 to 1948, and under Mahadji Sci…
- Shah dynasty of NepalThe Shah dynasty ruled Gorkha from 1559 and Nepal from 1769 until the monarchy was abolished…
- Shimla Hill StatesThe Shimla Hill States were some twenty-eight small principalities of the Sutlej–Yamuna water…
- SirmurSirmur was a hill state of the Himachal foothills whose recovery from Gorkha occupation in 18…
- Sisodia dynasty of MewarThe Sisodias ruled Mewar from 1326 until 1949, the senior house among the Rajput dynasties, a…
- Spiti and Lahaul chiefshipsSpiti and Lahaul were trans-Himalayan valleys governed by local chiefs under Ladakhi and then…
- SuketSuket was one of the older hill states of Himachal, ruled by a Sen dynasty from which Mandi s…
- Twipra kingdomThe Twipra kingdom was ruled by the Manikya dynasty from the fourteenth century until 1949, a…
- Valluvanāḍ and Palakkad chieftainciesValluvanāḍ and Palakkad were central Kerala chieftaincies caught between Calicut and Cochin,…
- Velugoti Nayaks of VenkatagiriThe Velugoti Nayaks of Venkatagiri were Velama chiefs who served Vijayanagara, held their ter…
- Vinayak Damodar SavarkarVinayak Damodar Savarkar was a nationalist revolutionary, writer and political ideologue whos…
- Wodeyars of MysoreThe Wodeyars ruled Mysore from 1399 to 1950, first as Vijayanagara feudatories, then as an in…
- Yama ZatdawThe Yama Zatdaw is the Burmese version of the Rāmāyaṇa, established in its present form after…
- Zamorins of CalicutThe Zamorins ruled Calicut from the twelfth century and made it the greatest port of the Mala…
BuddhistAll Buddhist →
- Arunachal chiefshipsThe Arunachal hills held dozens of distinct peoples governed by village councils and clan chi…
- BushahrBushahr was the largest of the Himachal hill states, running up the Sutlej to the Tibetan fro…
- The Drukpa theocracy of BhutanThe Drukpa theocracy governed Bhutan from 1616 to 1907 under a dual system of religious and t…
- Khamti chiefship of SadiyaThe Khamti chiefs held Sadiya at the head of the Brahmaputra valley in the late eighteenth an…
- Maqpon dynasty of SkarduThe Maqpon dynasty ruled Baltistan from Skardu, a Tibetan-speaking Muslim country called Litt…
- Namgyal dynasty of LadakhThe Namgyals ruled Ladakh from Leh from the fifteenth century until the Dogra conquest of 184…
- Namgyal dynasty of SikkimThe Namgyal chogyals ruled Sikkim from 1642 until 1975, when a referendum abolished the monar…
- RamakienThe Ramakien is the Thai national version of the Rāmāyaṇa, whose fullest text was composed un…
- Spiti and Lahaul chiefshipsSpiti and Lahaul were trans-Himalayan valleys governed by local chiefs under Ladakhi and then…
- Trakhan dynasty of GilgitThe Trakhan dynasty ruled Gilgit from the fourteenth century until the Dogra conquest, in a v…
- Wangchuck dynasty of BhutanThe Wangchuck dynasty has ruled Bhutan since 1907 and is the only monarchy of the Indian Hima…
- Yama ZatdawThe Yama Zatdaw is the Burmese version of the Rāmāyaṇa, established in its present form after…
JainAll Jain →
SikhAll Sikh →
- Anglo-Sikh WarsThe Anglo-Sikh Wars were two conflicts between the East India Company and the Sikh Empire, fo…
- Harmandir SahibThe Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar is the principal gurdwara of Sikhism, built by Guru Arjan in…
- KhalsaThe Khalsa is the order founded by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699, whose initiated members take vo…
- Nankana SahibNankana Sahib in Pakistani Punjab is the birthplace of Guru Nanak, marked by Gurdwara Janam A…
- Partition of IndiaThe Partition of India in 1947 divided British India into the independent dominions of India…
- PunjabPunjab, the "Land of Five Rivers" straddling the India-Pakistan border in the northwestern su…
- Ranjit SinghRanjit Singh was the founder and ruler of the Sikh Empire, who unified the Punjab from the mi…
- Sikh EmpireThe Sikh Empire ruled the Punjab and the northwest from Lahore between 1799 and 1849, the las…
- SikhismSikhism is the monotheistic religion founded in fifteenth-century Punjab by Guru Nanak, devel…
IslamicAll Islamic →
- Abul Kalam AzadAbul Kalam Azad was an Islamic scholar turned Indian nationalist leader who served as Congres…
- All India Muslim LeagueThe All India Muslim League was a political organization founded in 1906 to safeguard Muslim…
- Asaf Jahi dynastyThe Asaf Jahi Nizams ruled Hyderabad from 1724 to 1948, the largest and richest princely stat…
- Bangash Nawabs of FarrukhabadThe Bangash Nawabs ruled Farrukhabad in the Doab from 1714, a Pashtun successor state that fo…
- Battles of PanipatThe three Battles of Panipat, fought in 1526, 1556, and 1761 on the same plain north of Delhi…
- ChitralChitral was a Hindu Kush principality under the Kator mehtars, containing the Kalash valleys…
- Ghadar movementThe Ghadar movement was a revolutionary organization of Indian emigrants on the Pacific coast…
- HunzaHunza was a Karakoram principality whose people speak Burushaski, a language unrelated to any…
- Khaplu, Shigar, Astor and ChilasKhaplu, Shigar, Astor and Chilas were the smaller Baltistan and upper Indus chiefships that r…
- Maqpon dynasty of SkarduThe Maqpon dynasty ruled Baltistan from Skardu, a Tibetan-speaking Muslim country called Litt…
- Muhammad Ali JinnahMuhammad Ali Jinnah was a lawyer and politician who led the All-India Muslim League to the de…
- Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tipu SultanHyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan ruled Mysore from 1761 to 1799, fought four wars against th…
- NagarNagar was the principality facing Hunza across the same river gorge, ruled by the Maglot dyna…
- Nawabs of AwadhThe Nawabs of Awadh ruled the central Ganga plain from Lucknow until the British annexed the…
- Nawabs of BengalThe Nawabs of Bengal ruled the richest province of the Mughal empire from Murshidabad, and th…
- Nawabs of BhopalThe Nawabs of Bhopal ruled central India from 1707 to 1949, and for over a century the state…
- Nawabs of the CarnaticThe Nawabs of the Carnatic ruled the Tamil country from Arcot, and the contest over their suc…
- Partition of IndiaThe Partition of India in 1947 divided British India into the independent dominions of India…
- PunjabPunjab, the "Land of Five Rivers" straddling the India-Pakistan border in the northwestern su…
- Rohilkhand and the RohillasRohilkhand was the state the Pashtun Rohillas built north of the Ganges in the eighteenth cen…
- Tipu SultanTipu Sultan was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1782 to 1799, known both for his prol…
- Trakhan dynasty of GilgitThe Trakhan dynasty ruled Gilgit from the fourteenth century until the Dogra conquest, in a v…
- Zamorins of CalicutThe Zamorins ruled Calicut from the twelfth century and made it the greatest port of the Mala…
Folk & RegionalAll Folk & Regional →
- Ahom dynastyThe Ahom dynasty was a Tai-descended royal line that ruled the Brahmaputra valley of Assam fr…
- Arunachal chiefshipsThe Arunachal hills held dozens of distinct peoples governed by village councils and clan chi…
- BushahrBushahr was the largest of the Himachal hill states, running up the Sutlej to the Tibetan fro…
- ChitralChitral was a Hindu Kush principality under the Kator mehtars, containing the Kalash valleys…
- Garo nokma chiefdomsThe Garo hills were governed by village chiefdoms under a nokma rather than by any kingdom, a…
- Jaintia kingdomThe Jaintia kingdom held the hills and the adjoining Sylhet plain until 1835, a matrilineal K…
- Kachari kingdomThe Kachari or Dimasa kingdom ruled central and southern Assam from Dimapur and later Maibang…
- Khasi hima statesThe Khasi hima were some twenty-five small states of the Meghalaya hills, each governed by an…
- KulluKullu was a kingdom of the upper Beas valley whose rajas ceded sovereignty to the god Raghuna…
- ManipurManipur was ruled by the Ningthouja dynasty from the Kangla at Imphal, and its court chronicl…
- Mizo chiefdomsThe Mizo hills were held by hereditary chiefs, chiefly of the Sailo clan, each ruling a villa…
- Naga village republicsThe Naga hills were divided among independent villages, each a sovereign unit governed by its…
- Nāgavaṃśī of ChotanagpurThe Nāgavaṃśīs ruled the Chotanagpur plateau, claiming descent from a serpent ancestor, and s…
- Namgyal dynasty of SikkimThe Namgyal chogyals ruled Sikkim from 1642 until 1975, when a referendum abolished the monar…
- Shimla Hill StatesThe Shimla Hill States were some twenty-eight small principalities of the Sutlej–Yamuna water…
- Twipra kingdomThe Twipra kingdom was ruled by the Manikya dynasty from the fourteenth century until 1949, a…
Other FaithsAll Other Faiths →
- British RajThe British Raj was the period of direct Crown rule over India from 1858 to 1947, following t…
- Churches in IndiaChurches in India span more than nineteen centuries of Christian presence, from the Saint Tho…
- Danish IndiaDanish India consisted of Tranquebar on the Tamil coast and Serampore in Bengal, small settle…
- Dutch IndiaDutch India was the network of Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie factories on the Indian coas…
- French IndiaFrench India was the set of five coastal enclaves held by France from the seventeenth century…
- Garo nokma chiefdomsThe Garo hills were governed by village chiefdoms under a nokma rather than by any kingdom, a…
- Habsburg and Trieste companiesThe Habsburg trading companies based at Trieste made a brief attempt at an Indian presence in…
- Khasi hima statesThe Khasi hima were some twenty-five small states of the Meghalaya hills, each governed by an…
- Kingdom of CochinThe kingdom of Cochin ruled central Kerala from the twelfth century until 1949, and by allyin…
- Mizo chiefdomsThe Mizo hills were held by hereditary chiefs, chiefly of the Sailo clan, each ruling a villa…
- Naga village republicsThe Naga hills were divided among independent villages, each a sovereign unit governed by its…
- Ostend CompanyThe Ostend Company was an imperial trading venture from the Austrian Netherlands that maintai…
- Portuguese IndiaPortuguese India was the first and the last European territorial presence in the subcontinent…
Political & SecularAll Political & Secular →
- 1937 provincial electionsThe 1937 provincial elections were the first held under the Government of India Act of 1935,…
- Abul Kalam AzadAbul Kalam Azad was an Islamic scholar turned Indian nationalist leader who served as Congres…
- Ahom dynastyThe Ahom dynasty was a Tai-descended royal line that ruled the Brahmaputra valley of Assam fr…
- All India Muslim LeagueThe All India Muslim League was a political organization founded in 1906 to safeguard Muslim…
- Anglo-Maratha WarsThe Anglo-Maratha Wars were three conflicts fought between the British East India Company and…
- Anglo-Mysore WarsThe Anglo-Mysore Wars were four conflicts fought between 1767 and 1799 between the Kingdom of…
- Anglo-Sikh WarsThe Anglo-Sikh Wars were two conflicts between the East India Company and the Sikh Empire, fo…
- Angres of KolabaThe Angres commanded the Maratha navy from the Konkan forts and for fifty years levied their…
- Annie BesantAnnie Besant (1847-1933) was a British-born theosophist, social reformer and Indian home rule…
- Archibald Wavell, Lord WavellBritish field marshal who served as Viceroy of India from 1943 to 1947, presiding over the fi…
- Arunachal chiefshipsThe Arunachal hills held dozens of distinct peoples governed by village councils and clan chi…
- Asaf Jahi dynastyThe Asaf Jahi Nizams ruled Hyderabad from 1724 to 1948, the largest and richest princely stat…
- Ashfaqulla KhanAshfaqulla Khan was a revolutionary of the Hindustan Republican Association executed in 1927…
- August OfferThe August Offer was a set of constitutional proposals issued by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow on 8…
- Baghelas of RewaThe Baghelas ruled Baghelkhand from the thirteenth century until 1948, a durable second-rank…
- Bal Gangadhar TilakBal Gangadhar Tilak was a nationalist leader, journalist and Sanskrit scholar who was among t…
- Bangash Nawabs of FarrukhabadThe Bangash Nawabs ruled Farrukhabad in the Doab from 1714, a Pashtun successor state that fo…
- Battle of BuxarThe Battle of Buxar, fought in 1764 on the Ganges in present-day Bihar, was a decisive victor…
- Battle of PlasseyThe Battle of Plassey, fought on 23 June 1757 at the village of Palashi in Bengal, was the de…
- Battles of PanipatThe three Battles of Panipat, fought in 1526, 1556, and 1761 on the same plain north of Delhi…
- Bengal famine of 1943A famine in the Bengal province of British India in 1943 that caused large-scale death from s…
- Bhagat SinghBhagat Singh (1907-1931) was a revolutionary nationalist and self-described socialist, execut…
- Bhāṭīs of JaisalmerThe Bhāṭīs founded Jaisalmer in 1156 on a ridge in the Thar desert and ruled it until 1949, t…
- Bhimrao Ramji AmbedkarA jurist, economist and social reformer who led the movement for Dalit rights under colonial…
- Bhonsles of NagpurThe Bhonsles of Nagpur ruled the eastern Maratha territories from 1739 until the state was an…
- BilaspurBilaspur, also called Kahlur, was a Sutlej valley state whose capital was submerged in the 19…
- Bipin Chandra PalA Bengali nationalist leader, journalist and orator, one of the "Lal-Bal-Pal" triumvirate ass…
- British RajThe British Raj was the period of direct Crown rule over India from 1858 to 1947, following t…
- BushahrBushahr was the largest of the Himachal hill states, running up the Sutlej to the Tibetan fro…
- Cabinet Mission planThe Cabinet Mission plan was a proposal put forward in May 1946 by a three-member British cab…
- Carnatic WarsA series of three conflicts fought between 1746 and 1763 in which the British and French East…
- Chakravarti RajagopalachariChakravarti Rajagopalachari was a Congress leader from Madras who served as Premier of Madras…
- ChambaChamba was a Himalayan kingdom of the Ravi valley from the sixth century to 1948, whose unbro…
- Champaran SatyagrahaA 1917 civil resistance campaign led by Mohandas Gandhi among indigo cultivators in Champaran…
- Chandrashekhar AzadChandrashekhar Azad was an Indian revolutionary who led the Hindustan Socialist Republican As…
- Charles Canning, Earl CanningCharles Canning, 1st Earl Canning, was the last Governor-General of India under East India Co…
- Charles CornwallisCharles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis (1738–1805), was a British army officer and colon…
- Charles Hardinge, Lord Hardinge of PenshurstCharles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst, was Viceroy of India from 1910 to 1916, du…
- Charter ActsThe Charter Acts were a series of British parliamentary statutes, passed roughly every twenty…
- Chauri Chaura incidentThe Chauri Chaura incident was a clash on 4 February 1922 in which a crowd associated with th…
- Chhatrapatis of KolhapurThe Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur were the junior branch of Shivaji's line, and their ruler Shahu…
- ChitralChitral was a Hindu Kush principality under the Kator mehtars, containing the Kalash valleys…
- Civil Disobedience MovementThe Civil Disobedience Movement was a mass campaign of organized, non-violent law-breaking le…
- Communal AwardThe Communal Award was a decision announced by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in Aug…
- Cripps MissionThe Cripps Mission was a March 1942 British initiative, led by Sir Stafford Cripps, offering…
- Dadabhai NaorojiDadabhai Naoroji was a Parsi scholar, businessman and early Indian nationalist politician, th…
- Danish IndiaDanish India consisted of Tranquebar on the Tamil coast and Serampore in Bengal, small settle…
- Direct Action DayDirect Action Day was a general strike and demonstration called by the All-India Muslim Leagu…
- Doctrine of LapseThe Doctrine of Lapse was a policy applied by the East India Company under Governor-General L…
- The Drukpa theocracy of BhutanThe Drukpa theocracy governed Bhutan from 1616 to 1907 under a dual system of religious and t…
- Dutch IndiaDutch India was the network of Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie factories on the Indian coas…
- East India CompanyThe East India Company (EIC) was an English joint-stock trading corporation, chartered in 160…
- Edward Law, Lord EllenboroughBritish statesman who served as Governor-General of India from 1842 to 1844, known for ending…
- Edward Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Lord LyttonEdward Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton, was Viceroy of India from 1876 to 1880, whos…
- Edward Wood, Lord IrwinEdward Wood, 1st Baron Irwin, was Viceroy of India from 1926 to 1931, whose tenure spanned th…
- Elections before Indian independenceElections before Indian independence were a series of increasingly broad but communally struc…
- Francis Rawdon-HastingsFrancis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings, was a British soldier and colonial adminis…
- Frederic Thesiger, Lord ChelmsfordFrederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford, was Viceroy of India from 1916 to 1921, a term sp…
- Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Lord DufferinBritish Viceroy of India from 1884 to 1888, whose tenure saw the annexation of Upper Burma an…
- Freeman Freeman-Thomas, Lord WillingdonFreeman Freeman-Thomas, Marquess of Willingdon, was Viceroy of India from 1931 to 1936, whose…
- French IndiaFrench India was the set of five coastal enclaves held by France from the seventeenth century…
- Gaekwads of BarodaThe Gaekwads ruled Baroda from 1721 to 1949, and under Sayajirao Gaekwad III the state introd…
- Gandhi-Irwin PactA March 1931 agreement between Mohandas Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin that suspended the Civi…
- Ganga RamSir Ganga Ram (1851-1927) was a civil engineer and philanthropist in colonial Punjab whose ir…
- Garhwal kingdomThe Panwar dynasty ruled Garhwal from the ninth century until 1949, a Himalayan kingdom conta…
- Garo nokma chiefdomsThe Garo hills were governed by village chiefdoms under a nokma rather than by any kingdom, a…
- George Curzon, Lord CurzonLord Curzon was a British statesman who served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, remembe…
- George Eden, Lord AucklandBritish Governor-General of India from 1836 to 1842, chiefly remembered for launching the Fir…
- George Robinson, Lord RiponGeorge Robinson, first Marquess of Ripon, was Viceroy of India from 1880 to 1884, remembered…
- Ghadar movementThe Ghadar movement was a revolutionary organization of Indian emigrants on the Pacific coast…
- Gilbert Elliot, 4th Earl of MintoGilbert Elliot, 4th Earl of Minto, was Viceroy of India from 1905 to 1910, a tenure marked by…
- Gilbert Elliot-Murray-KynynmoundGilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto, was Governor-General of India from 1807…
- Gohil dynastyThe Gohils migrated from Marwar to eastern Saurashtra in the thirteenth century and gave thei…
- Gopal Krishna GokhaleGopal Krishna Gokhale was a moderate leader of the Indian National Congress, founder of the S…
- Gorkha rule in Himachal and UttarakhandGorkha rule in Himachal and Uttarakhand refers to the roughly two-decade period, from 1790 to…
- Government of India Act 1858The Government of India Act 1858 was a British parliamentary statute that transferred rule of…
- Government of India Act 1935The Government of India Act 1935 was a British statute that granted provincial autonomy to Br…
- Great Famine of 1876-78A severe famine that struck large parts of British India between 1876 and 1878, following dro…
- GulerGuler was a small Kangra-valley state whose court produced the Guler school of painting and t…
- Habsburg and Trieste companiesThe Habsburg trading companies based at Trieste made a brief attempt at an Indian presence in…
- Hāḍā Chauhans of Bundi and KotaThe Hāḍās were a Chāhamāna branch that ruled the Hadoti country of southeastern Rajasthan fro…
- Henry HardingeHenry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge (1785-1856), was a British soldier and statesman who se…
- Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, Lord LansdowneBritish statesman who served as Viceroy of India from 1888 to 1894, overseeing modest legisla…
- Holkars of IndoreThe Holkars ruled Indore and western Malwa from 1731 to 1948, and their queen Ahilyabai rebui…
- HunzaHunza was a Karakoram principality whose people speak Burushaski, a language unrelated to any…
- Ilbert Bill controversyA political controversy of 1883–84 sparked by a proposed law that would have allowed Indian j…
- Indian Independence Act 1947The Indian Independence Act 1947 was the Act of the British Parliament that partitioned Briti…
- Indian independence movementThe Indian independence movement was the sustained political, social, and armed struggle agai…
- Indian National ArmyThe Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) was an armed force raised during the Second World W…
- Indian National CongressThe Indian National Congress is India's oldest political party, founded in 1885 as a forum fo…
- Individual SatyagrahaIndividual Satyagraha was a deliberately limited civil disobedience campaign launched by Moha…
- Jadeja dynasty of KutchThe Jadejas ruled Kutch from the twelfth century until 1948, a desert and coastal kingdom who…
- Jaintia kingdomThe Jaintia kingdom held the hills and the adjoining Sylhet plain until 1835, a matrilineal K…
- Jallianwala Bagh massacreThe 13 April 1919 killing of unarmed civilians by troops under Brigadier-General Reginald Dye…
- James Broun-Ramsay, Lord DalhousieLord Dalhousie was a Scottish nobleman who served as Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1…
- Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru was an Indian nationalist leader and the first Prime Minister of independent…
- Jayaprakash NarayanA socialist political leader and freedom-movement activist, prominent in the Quit India Movem…
- Jethwa dynastyThe Jethwas ruled the Barda hills and the Porbandar coast of Saurashtra from the medieval per…
- John LawrenceJohn Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence, was a British administrator who governed Punjab after its…
- John ShoreJohn Shore, later 1st Baron Teignmouth, was Governor-General of Bengal from 1793 to 1798, rem…
- Joseph Francois DupleixJoseph-Francois Dupleix was a French colonial administrator and Governor-General of French In…
- Kachari kingdomThe Kachari or Dimasa kingdom ruled central and southern Assam from Dimapur and later Maibang…
- Kachwahas of DhūṇḍhāḍThe Kachwahas ruled Dhūṇḍhāḍ from Amber and later Jaipur, were the first Rajput house to ente…
- Kangra and the Katoch dynastyThe Katoch rajas of Kangra claimed descent from the ancient Trigarta and, under Sansar Chand…
- Khamti chiefship of SadiyaThe Khamti chiefs held Sadiya at the head of the Brahmaputra valley in the late eighteenth an…
- Khan Abdul Ghaffar KhanA Pashtun nationalist leader from the North-West Frontier Province who founded the Khudai Khi…
- Khaplu, Shigar, Astor and ChilasKhaplu, Shigar, Astor and Chilas were the smaller Baltistan and upper Indus chiefships that r…
- Khasi hima statesThe Khasi hima were some twenty-five small states of the Meghalaya hills, each governed by an…
- Kheda SatyagrahaThe Kheda Satyagraha was a 1918 no-tax campaign in Gujarat led by Mohandas Gandhi and Vallabh…
- Khilafat movementThe Khilafat movement was a pan-Islamic political campaign by Indian Muslims between 1919 and…
- Khudiram BoseKhudiram Bose was a Bengali revolutionary hanged at eighteen for his role in the 1908 Muzaffa…
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- Koch dynastyThe Koch dynasty ruled western Assam and north Bengal from 1515, reached its height under Nar…
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- KulluKullu was a kingdom of the upper Beas valley whose rajas ceded sovereignty to the god Raghuna…
- Kumaon kingdomThe Chand dynasty ruled Kumaon from Champawat and later Almora until the Gorkha conquest of 1…
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- Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of BurmaLouis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900-1979), was the last Viceroy of British…
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- MandiMandi was a Himalayan state of the Beas valley founded in 1527, known for its stone temples a…
- ManipurManipur was ruled by the Ningthouja dynasty from the Kangla at Imphal, and its court chronicl…
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- Maratha EmpireThe Maratha Empire was a Hindu warrior state that rose in the Deccan under Chhatrapati Shivaj…
- Matak stateThe Matak state was carved out of upper Assam by the Moamaria rebels in 1805, the political o…
- Max MullerFriedrich Max Müller (1823–1900) was a German-born philologist at Oxford University whose edi…
- Michael O'DwyerMichael O'Dwyer was Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab from 1913 to 1919, whose administration app…
- Mizo chiefdomsThe Mizo hills were held by hereditary chiefs, chiefly of the Sailo clan, each ruling a villa…
- Mohandas Karamchand GandhiMohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869–1948) was an Indian lawyer and political leader who develope…
- Montagu-Chelmsford reformsThe Montagu-Chelmsford reforms were a set of constitutional changes to British Indian governa…
- Morley-Minto reformsThe Morley-Minto reforms, enacted as the Indian Councils Act of 1909, enlarged Indian represe…
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- Motilal NehruMotilal Nehru was an Allahabad lawyer and Indian National Congress leader who served twice as…
- Mountbatten PlanThe Mountbatten Plan, announced on 3 June 1947 by Viceroy Louis Mountbatten, set out the part…
- Muhammad Ali JinnahMuhammad Ali Jinnah was a lawyer and politician who led the All-India Muslim League to the de…
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- Naga village republicsThe Naga hills were divided among independent villages, each a sovereign unit governed by its…
- NagarNagar was the principality facing Hunza across the same river gorge, ruled by the Maglot dyna…
- Nāgavaṃśī of ChotanagpurThe Nāgavaṃśīs ruled the Chotanagpur plateau, claiming descent from a serpent ancestor, and s…
- NalagarhNalagarh, also called Hindur, was a small state of the Himachal foothills founded as a branch…
- Namgyal dynasty of LadakhThe Namgyals ruled Ladakh from Leh from the fifteenth century until the Dogra conquest of 184…
- Namgyal dynasty of SikkimThe Namgyal chogyals ruled Sikkim from 1642 until 1975, when a referendum abolished the monar…
- Nawabs of AwadhThe Nawabs of Awadh ruled the central Ganga plain from Lucknow until the British annexed the…
- Nawabs of BengalThe Nawabs of Bengal ruled the richest province of the Mughal empire from Murshidabad, and th…
- Nawabs of BhopalThe Nawabs of Bhopal ruled central India from 1707 to 1949, and for over a century the state…
- Nawabs of the CarnaticThe Nawabs of the Carnatic ruled the Tamil country from Arcot, and the contest over their suc…
- Nayaks of MaduraiThe Nayaks of Madurai ruled the southern Tamil country for two centuries from 1529, and under…
- Nehru Report (1928)The Nehru Report was a 1928 draft constitution for India written by an all-parties committee…
- Non-Cooperation MovementThe Non-Cooperation Movement was a mass campaign of boycott and civil disengagement from Brit…
- NurpurNurpur was a Pathania state on the Punjab–Himachal border, renamed for the Mughal empress Nur…
- Ostend CompanyThe Ostend Company was an imperial trading venture from the Austrian Netherlands that maintai…
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- Partition of IndiaThe Partition of India in 1947 divided British India into the independent dominions of India…
- Permanent SettlementThe Permanent Settlement was a land revenue system introduced in 1793 by Governor-General Lor…
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- Poona PactThe Poona Pact was a September 1932 agreement between Mohandas K.
- Portuguese IndiaPortuguese India was the first and the last European territorial presence in the subcontinent…
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- Quit India MovementThe Quit India Movement was a mass civil disobedience campaign launched by the Indian Nationa…
- Radcliffe LineThe Radcliffe Line is the boundary drawn in 1947 by British lawyer Cyril Radcliffe to partiti…
- Rajendra PrasadRajendra Prasad was an Indian independence movement leader and Congress politician from Bihar…
- Ram Prasad BismilRam Prasad Bismil was a revolutionary nationalist and Hindi and Urdu poet who co-founded the…
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- Rathores of MarwarThe Rathores ruled Marwar from the thirteenth century and founded Jodhpur in 1459, becoming w…
- Reginald DyerReginald Dyer was the British Indian Army officer who ordered troops to fire on an unarmed cr…
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- Rowlatt ActA 1919 law passed by the Imperial Legislative Council that extended emergency wartime powers…
- Royal Indian Navy mutinyA five-day uprising by Indian ratings of the Royal Indian Navy in February 1946, beginning in…
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- Sarojini NaiduSarojini Naidu was a poet and nationalist leader who became a prominent figure in the Indian…
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- Shah dynasty of NepalThe Shah dynasty ruled Gorkha from 1559 and Nepal from 1769 until the monarchy was abolished…
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- Simon CommissionThe Simon Commission was a British parliamentary body appointed in 1927 to review the working…
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- Velugoti Nayaks of VenkatagiriThe Velugoti Nayaks of Venkatagiri were Velama chiefs who served Vijayanagara, held their ter…
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- Warren HastingsWarren Hastings was a British East India Company administrator who served as the first Govern…
- William AmherstWilliam Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, was Governor-General of India from 1823 to 1828, whos…
- William BentinckLord William Bentinck was Governor-General of India from 1828 to 1835, remembered chiefly for…
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- Zamorins of CalicutThe Zamorins ruled Calicut from the twelfth century and made it the greatest port of the Mala…